The Unbearable Inevitable...puerto Rican Genealogy

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Miami-Dade County
Spanish-American War

General J. Warren Keifer in the Spanish War
(this is an excerpt from the part in the book about Miami, FL)
...The President called for volunteers (125,000 April 23d, and 75,000 May 25th), and, June 9th, I was, by him, appointed, and, June 14th, 1898, unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate, a Major-General of Volunteers. I was the only person in civil life from a northern State, or who had served in the Union Army in the Civil War but never in the regular Army, on whom was originally conferred that high rank in the Spanish-American War.
This rank was conferred on Fitzhugh Lee of Virginia, Joseph Wheeler of Alabama, and Matthew C. Butler of South Carolina, each of whom had served as a general officer in the Confederate Army; and on James H. Wilson of Delaware, who had served as a Major-General in the Union Army in the Civil War. These four were from civil life, but, save Butler, each was a graduate of West Point and had served in the United States Army.
Hon. William J. Sewell of New Jersey declined an appointment to that rank, and Francis V. Greene of New York was appointed after the protocol was signed. He was a graduate of West Point, and had served in the United States Army. No other Major-General was appointed from civil life before the treaty of peace.
A feature of the Spanish War was the alacrity with which ex-Confederates and Southern men tendered their services to sustain it. It was worth the cost of the war, to demonstrate the patriotism of the whole people, and their readiness to unite under one flag and fight in a common cause.
I was assigned to the Seventh Army Corps, then being organized, with headquarters at Jacksonville, Florida. I reported there to Major-General Fitzhugh Lee, its commander, and was assigned to the First Division, then located at Miami, 366 miles farther south, on the east coast of Florida, at the terminus of railroad transportation. I assumed command of the Division, July 7th, with headquarters at Miami. It then numbered about 7500 officers and enlisted men. My tents were pitched in a cocoanut grove on the shore of the Biscayne Bay. The corps had been designated to lead an early attack on Havana. I had exercised no military command for a third of a century, and had misgivings of my ability to discharge, properly, the important duties. This feeling was not decreased by the fact that the division was composed of southern troops —1st and 2d Louisiana; 1st and 2d Alabama; and 1st and 2d Texas Volunteer Infantry regiments. Some of these regiments and many of the companies were commanded by exConfederate officers, and one brigade — the Second — was commanded by Brigadier-General W. W. Gordon, an exConfederate officer from Georgia. He commanded this brigade until the protocol, when he was made one of the evacuation commissioners for Porto Rico. Several of the staff were sons of Confederate officers. The only officer, other than staff-officers, who was not southern, was BrigadierGeneral Loyd Wheaton, who commanded the First Brigade. He had served in the Union Army in the Civil War from Illinois, and became, after that war, an officer in the United States Army, from which he was appointed a general officer of Volunteers in the Spanish War. Wheaton remained in my command until after our army occupied Havana, and commanded a division that entered that city, January 1, 1899, then shortly thereafter was ordered to the Philippines, where he has, in several battles with the Filipinos, distinguished himself, and deservedly acquired fame.
I soon, however, became familiar with my duties, and the command was a most agreeable and pleasant one. I became warmly attached to and proud of it; and it was, throughout, loyal to me. No better volunteer soldiers were ever mustered; and if occasion had arisen they would have proved their skill and valor by heroic deeds and willing sacrifices.
The camp at Miami was the farthest south of any in the United States, consequently the hottest, and by reason of its situation near the Everglades and the Miami River (their principal outlet to the sea) the water proved bad, and only obtainable for the troops through pipes laid on the rocky surface of the earth from the Everglades at the head of the river. It thus came warm, and sometimes offensive by reason of vegetable matter contained in it. The reefs—an extension of the Florida Reefs — which lay four miles from the west shore of the bay, cut off easterly sea breezes; and the mosquitoes were at times so numerous as to make life almost unbearable. All possible was done for the health and comfort of the command. Notwithstanding the location, hotness of the season, and bad general conditions, the health of the soldiers was better, numbers considered, than in any other camp in the United States. A good military hospital was established under capable medical officers, and, through some patriotic ladies — the wife and daughter of General W. W. Gordon and others—a convalescent hospital was established where the greatest care was taken of the sick, and wholesome delicacies were provided for them. A feeling of unrest amounting to dissatisfaction, however, arose, which caused the War Department to order my command to Camp Cuba Libre, Jacksonville, Florida. It was accordingly transported there by rail early in August, my headquarters having been at Miami just one month. My division was then camped in proximity to the St. John's River at Fairfield, immediately east of Jacksonville. My headquarters tents were pitched in a pine forest. Here the general conditions were better than at Miami, though much sickness, chiefly typhoid and malarial fevers, prevailed in the corps, my own division having a far less per centum of cases than either of the other two. The water was artesian and good, but the absence of anything like a clay soil rendered it impossible to keep the camps well policed and the drainage was difficult. Florida sand is not a disinfectant: clay is. This camp, however, had a smaller list of sick in proportion to numbers than was reported in other camps farther north.
[Slavery and four years of war: a political history of slavery in the United States ... By Joseph Warren Keifer, pub. 1900]


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The last full US census results, from 2010, showed 3,725,789 people that inhabit the island of Puerto Ricomake it one of the most densely populated islands in the world. Thereare about 1,000 people per square mile, a ratio higher than within any of the 50 states in the United States.

The use of genetic genealogy—in other words, DNA testing- has exploded in the past few years. Around the world, curious seekers are spitting into tubes and swabbing cheeks to help determine their heritage and find genetic cousins. Recently, three family members on my husband's side have had se. — President-elect Joe Biden on Monday received his first dose of the coronavirus vaccine on live television as part of a growing effort to convince the American public the inoculations are safe.The president-elect took a dose of Pfizer vaccine at a hospital not far from his Delaware home, hours after his wife, Jill Biden, did the same. The injections came the same day that a. Airplanes Arriving at San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1929-1941 49 RG 146 U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1888-1981 50 RG 186 Records of the Spanish Governors of Puerto Rico concerning Foreigners in Puerto Rico (Extranjeros), ca. 1815-1845 51 RG 220 Ad Hoc Advisory Group on the 52.

On August 2012, the number of Puerto Ricans on the U.S. mainland reached a record - 4.9 million. Had these people remained in Puerto Rico, the island would be so densely populated that there would be virtually no room for people to live. Because of the massive migration to the mainland, more Puerto Ricans are said to live in New York City than in San Juan.

On March 27, 2014 the U.S. Census Bureau announced that the island's total population fell from about 3.7 million in 2010 to 3.6 million in 2013. The government stated that more than 450,000 people have left the island in the past decade. The majority are settling in U.S. states including New York and Florida.

On the island, one-third of the population is concentrated in the San Juan-Carolina-Bayamón metropolitan area. The largest city is San Juan, the island's capital. It has a population of 395,326 (2010), making it the 46th largest city in the USA. The second largest city is Bayamón, with 208,116 people and is the 103rd largest city in America. Other major cities include Carolina (176,762), Ponce (166,327) and Caguas (142,893).

What is the Puerto Rican population of the World?
It is estimated that the total Puerto Rican population is over 8.6 million. This number identifies geographic areas with significant Puerto Rican populations, year sources vary.

Race and Ethnic Groups

The people of Puerto Rico represent a cultural and racial mix because of centuries of immigration and cultural assimilation. When the Spanish forced the Taíno people into slavery, the entire indigenous population was virtually decimated, except for a few Amerindians who escaped into the remote mountains. Eventually they inter-married with the poor Spanish farmers and became known as jíbaros. Because of industrialization and migration to the cities, few jíbaros remain.

Interesting Fact
Puerto Ricans are known for their warm hospitality, often considered very friendly and expressive to strangers. Greetings are often cordial and genuine. When people are first introduced, a handshake is usual, however, close friends and family members always greet you hello or goodbye with a kiss on the cheek or a combination hug and kiss. This happens between female friends and between men and women, but not between male friends.

Puerto Ricans are best known by speaking using lively hand and facial gestures, as hand and body language are important forms of communication.

Besides the slaves imported from Africa (Sudan, Kongo, Senegal,Guinea, Sierra Leona, and the Gold, Ivory, and Grain coasts), otherethnic groups brought to work on the plantations joined the island'sracial mix. Fleeing Simón Bolívar's independence movementsin South America, Spanish loyalists fled to Puerto Rico - a fiercelyconservative Spanish colony during the early 1800s. French families alsoflocked here from both Louisiana and Haiti. As changing governments orviolent revolutions depressed the economies of Scotland andIreland, many farmers from those countries also journeyed to Puerto Ricoin search of a better life.

When the United States acquired the island in 1898, American influence wasadded to culture.

During the mid-19th century, labor was needed to build roads, initially,Chinese workers were imported for this task, followed by workers from suchcountries as Italy, France, Germany, and even Lebanon. American expatriates cameto the island after 1898. Long after Spain had lost control of Puerto Rico,Spanish immigrants continued to arrive on the island. The most significant newimmigrant population arrived in the 1960s, when thousands of Cubans fled fromFidel Castro's Communist state. The latest arrivals to Puerto Rico have comefrom the economically depressed Dominican Republic.

The new and the old merged, where two worlds and many culture fused,creating an island of sharp contrasts. Today, this mix of culture can beperceived in the island's architecture, which mixes Spanish colonial withultra-modern, shown on the abundance of North American-style malls and fast-foodrestaurants that compete with small, family-run stores and restaurants.

Nationality: Puerto Rican

Noun
: a person born, raised, or living in Puerto Rico
: a person whose family is descended from the island of Puerto Rico
: any item deriving it's origin from the island of Puerto Rico
: any item relating to the people of Puerto Rico/Puerto Ricans

Interesting Facts

Criollo (creole) is a word used today by Puerto Ricans to describe thingsnative to the island, such as: music, cuisine, language, arts, people,religion, and other aspects of the island culture.

It is known that Puerto Rican descendants call themselves Puerto Ricans. 'I am Puerto Rican, but I wasn't born there.'

The term 'Nuyorican' is used to identify New Yorkers born in Puerto Rico or of Puerto Rican descent who live in ornear New York City. The word Nuyorican derives from a combination of the words'New York' and 'Puerto Rican.'

Puerto Rico is a territory (Commonwealth) of the United States of America and Puerto Ricans have common citizenship, currency anddefense. Although Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens, residents of Puerto Ricopay no federal income tax, nor can they vote in presidential elections. Ascitizens, Puerto Ricans do not require a work visa (also known as greencards) to live and/or work in the United States.

Puerto Ricans consider themselves American but are fiercely proud of theirisland and their culture. They don't usually call themselves Americans or 'Americanos', but 'Puertorriqueños' or 'Boricuas.' To most Puerto Ricans, 'my country' means 'Puerto Rico', not the United States. Boricua, derived from the Taíno word Boriken is used to affirm Puerto Ricans devotion to the island's Taíno heritage. The word Boriken translates to 'the great land of the valiant and noble Lord'. Borikén was the original name used by the Taíno population before the arrival of the Spanish.


Definitions
Hispanic - relating to, or being a person of Latin American descent; especially: Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.
Latin - relating to the peoples or countries using Romance languages;specifically: of or relating to the peoples or countries of Latin America.

Race and Hispanic Origin (July 1, 2017)

White alone: 69.4%
Black or African American alone: 9.1%
American Indian and Alaska Native alone: 0.3%
Asian alone: 0.3%Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone: 0.0%
Two or More Races: 7.5%
Hispanic or Latino: 98.9%
White alone, not Hispanic or Latino: 0.8%

Vital Statistics

Population

3,189,068 (July 2020 est.)
3,725,789 (2010 U.S. Census)

Summary: 1980 to 2006 (PDF) (projections (PDF))
  • 2010 Census: Puerto Rico Profile
  • Census of Population and Housing (Spanish/English) (PDF)
  • Economic and Social StatisticsSummary - Census Bureau

Population Density: 988 density per sq mi/382 persons per sq km (2015)

Puerto Rico's population density is among the world's highest - only Bangladesh, The Maldives, Barbados, Taiwan, South Korea and the city-states of Hong Kong and Singapore are more crowded. Puerto Rico population is equivalent to 0.05% of the total world population.

Population Split: Urban 71%; Rural 29%

Country Population Rank: 133rd (Jul 2014 est.)

U.S. Population Rank: 2nd (Jul 2012 est.)

% of World Pop: 0.049% (Jul 2014 est.)

Interesting Fact
The population is 4.9 million, although about another 2 million Puerto Ricans live in the USA.
The Census Bureau publishes estimates of total population anddemographic components of change (births, deaths,and migration) for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and its 78 municipios (municipalities). A municipio is the government unit that is the primary legal subdivision of Puerto Rico; the Census Bureau treats the municipio as the statistical equivalent of a county.

Population Growth Rate: -1.59% (2020 est.)

Population Doubling Time: 88 years (2002)

Primary Ethnicity: Hispanic

Ethnic Composition:
white 75.8%, black/African American 12.4%, other 8.5% (includes American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, and others), mixed 3.3%
99% of the population is Latino (2010 est.)
The racial composition of Puerto Rico's population has not changed significantly. The first census by the United States in 1899 reported a population of 953,243 inhabitants, 61.8% of them classified as white, 31.9% as mixed, and 6.3% as black.

Total Urban Population: 2,664,000

Migration:
According to the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, 2.7 million PuertoRicans reside in the U.S., of which approximately one half are second andthird generation, having been born in the mainland.

Net Migration Rate: -14.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Urbanization:
urban population: 93.6% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: -0.14% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Age Structure:
0-14 years: 14.22% (male 231,406/female 222,061)
15-24 years: 12.78% (male 207,169/female 200,373)
25-54 years: 37.73% (male 573,114/female 630,276)
55-64 years: 13.5% (male 197,438/female 232,931)
65 years and over: 21.77% (male 297,749/female 396,551) (2020 est.)
Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio: 57.7
youth dependency ratio: 24.8
elderly dependency ratio: 32.8
potential support ratio: 3 (2020 est.)
Median Age:
total: 43.6 years
male: 41.6 years
female: 45.3 years (2020 est.)
Sex Ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Marriage Rate: 9.2 per 1000 persons

Divorce Rate: 4.47 per 1000 persons (2004)

Housing

Owner-occupied housing unit rate, 2012-2016: 68.6%

Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2012-2016: $118,600

Median selected monthly owner costs -with a mortgage, 2012-2016: $887

Median selected monthly owner costs -without a mortgage, 2012-2016: $154

Median gross rent, 2012-2016: $460

Families & Living Arrangements

Households, 2012-2016: 1,237,180

Persons per household, 2012-2016: 2.82

Living in same house 1 year ago, percent of persons age 1 year+, 2012-2016: 92.8%

Language other than English spoken at home, percent of persons age 5 years+, 2012-2016: 94.5%

Family Average Size: 3.5 people

Health

Birth Rate: 8 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Death Rate: 9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Major causes of death per 100,000 population: (1993)
142.6 heart and cardiovascular disease
95.4 cancers
55.1 diabetes
38.0 cerebrovascular disease
29.2 pneumonia and influenza

Contraceptive Use: 84.1% of women aged 18-44 (2002)

Maternal Mortality Rate: 21 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate:
total: 6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth:
total population: 81.3 years
male: 78 years
female: 84.7 years (2020 est.)

Total Fertility Rate: 1.24 children born/woman (2020 est.)

Drinking water source:

improved:
urban: 93.6% of population
rural: 93.6% of population
total: 93.6% of population
unimproved:
urban: 6.4% of population
rural: 6.4% of population
total: 6.4% of population (2001 est.)

The Unbearable Inevitable..puerto Rican Genealogy Sites

Physicians density:
2.89 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Sanitation facility access:

improved:
urban: 99.3% of population
rural: 99.3% of population
total: 99.3% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0.7% of population
rural: 0.7% of population
total: 0.7% of population (2015 est.)

Population with a disability, under age 65 years, percent, 2012-2016: 15.3%

Persons without health insurance, under age 65 years: 7.4%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 18,422, 68% men, 32% women (2012)
Puerto Rico ranked among the top 10 U.S. states or territories with the highest number of total AIDS cases among residents at the end of 2004.

Education

During the first three hundred years of Spanish rule education in the Islandwas limited to the teaching of Christian doctrine, arts, and grammar. The first text book published in the island was the 'Catecismo de DoctrinaCristiana', which appeared during the 1850's written by Bishop Gil Esteve.Classes were held only in main cities (San Juan, Arecibo, SanGerman and Coamo). Almost the entire population was illiterate. During therevolutionary period (1800-1840), the Spanish Government imposed a rigorouscensorship on the colonies. Books were rare, importation was opposed by theauthorities, who believed them to be instruments of sedition. This factexplains why, prior to 1840, there was very little printed matter in theIsland.

After the American occupation in 1898 education was entirely provided inEnglish with Spanish treated as a special subject. In 1915, under Commissionerof Education Dr. Paul G. Miller direction the method of teaching was changed,establishing Spanish as the medium of instruction in the four lower grades,English in the three higher grades, and both English and Spanish for themiddle grades. This method was used until November 1934, when Commissioner JoséPadín ordered that instruction be given in Spanish in all elementary grades with English taught as a special subject from the first grade.

With the appointment of Dr. José M. Gallardo as Commissioner of Education in June 1937, a new school program was adopted with special stress placed on the teaching of English in accordance with the views of President Roosevelt, expressed in a letter addressed to Dr. Gallardo shortly after hisappointment: 'It is an indispensable part of American policy that thecoming generation of American citizens in Puerto Rico grow up with completefacility in the English tongue. It is the language of our nation. Only throughthe acquisition of this language will Puerto Rican Americans secure a betterunderstanding of American ideals and principles.' Instruction isgiven in Spanish, with English as a subject.

In July 25, 1952 the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico wasapproved indicting: 1) a public instruction system, free and nosegregated and 2) instruction will be free and compulsory.

Today, education is a matter of high priority for Puerto Rico, it is evidentin the island's overall literacy rate of 94 percent and its budget foreducation, approximately 40 percent. Puerto Rico also has one of the highest college education rates in the whole world.

Education is obligatory between 6 to17 years old. Primary school consists of six grades; the secondary levelsis divided into 2 cycles of 3 years each. The school term in publicschools starts in August through mid-December and January through lateMay. As of 2013, there are 1,460 public schools and another 764 private schools throughout the island.

The school system is administered by the Department of Education andhas several levels of learning. The language used in the schools isSpanish, however, English is taught from kindergarten to high school aspart of the school curriculum. Some private schools provide Englishprograms where all classes are conducted in English except for theSpanish class.

Puerto Rico has more than 50 institutions of higher education, including universities, colleges, community colleges and technical institutes. PuertoRico has achieved one of the highest college education rates in the world(6th) with 56% of its college-age students attending institutions ofhigher learning, according to World Bank data.

High school graduate or higher, percent of persons age 25 years+, 2012-2016: 73.9%

Bachelor's degree or higher, percent of persons age 25 years+, 2012-2016: 24.6%

Registered Students by Education Levels: (2007-08 academicyear)
Elementary (pre-kindergarten grade 8) ........ 355,115
Secondary (grades 9-12) ........ 148,520
Registered Students by School Groups: (1999-2000 academic year)
Public Schools ....... 612,793
Private Schools ....... 149,000

Schools: 1,460 public schools, 764 private school and 65 universities. (2013)

Literacy Rate:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.4%
male: 92.4%
female: 92.4% (2017)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 16 years
male: 15 years
female: 17 years (2015)

Education expenditures: 6% of GDP (2014)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total: 26.6%
male: 28.9%
female: 23.1% (2012)

Language

Spanish and English are the official languages of Puerto Rico, but Spanish is without a doubt the dominant language. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that, in 2010, 94.9% of people spoke a language other than English at home. The U.S. Census Bureau also reports that only around 30% can speak English very well.In general, English is spoken by about 1/4 of the population-with limitedcapabilities. English is required in all federal matters and is spoken in all major tourist areas (80% Spanish, 20% other).

Religion

The Unbearable Inevitable..puerto Rican Genealogy Dna Test

Religious freedom for all faiths is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Churches of many denominations can be found throughout the island, with Christianity being the majority religion.

Religion plays a very important role in the lives of Puerto Ricans.

According to one of the most recent surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center (2010), the majority of Puerto Ricans identified as Christians (96.7%), with a religious breakdown of: Catholics (69.7%), Protestants (25.1%), non-religious (1.9%), and others (3.3%).

Catholicism

Historically, Puerto Ricans have been mostly Roman Catholic (69.7%) since the colonial era. Catholicism was brought to the island by the Spanish during their settlement that began in the early 1500s. Christian colonizers believed they had the right to conquer and colonize the New World to bring Christianity to the Native Americans. In 1511, Pope Julius II created a diocese in Caparra, the island's first settlement.

Gradually Catholicism became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico. Although Catholicism in Puerto Rico stray away from some traditional dogma, rituals, and practices of Spain and Italy churches to combine elements Indian and African beliefs. Some islanders ascribe to Espiritismo, which combines elements of the Catholic religion and Indian beliefs in nature-dwelling spirits that can be called on to effect change in one's life. Others practice the Yoruba beliefs of Santería, introduced to the island by Yoruba slaves from West Africa.

Today, each town has at least one Catholic Church and generally located at the plaza or town center.

Protestantism

Following the United States acquisition of the island in 1898, Protestantism began to grow on the island. It is now the second largest religious group in the island (25.1%).

The first Protestant church in Puerto Rico was Iglesia de la Santisima Trinidad, established in Ponce by the Anglican Diocese of Antigua in 1872. It was also the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire Spanish Empire in the Americas.

In recent decades, Pentecostal fundamentalism has developed in the island. Today, there are about 1,500 Evangelical churches in the island. There are Protestant services for Baptists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, and Presbyterians, and there are other interdenominational services.

Puerto Rico is also home to the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean. There is a Jewish Community Center in Miramar, and there's a Jewish Reformed Congregation in Santurce.

Other Christian Denominations

Other Christian denominations can include other churches and sects, like Seventh Day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Defenders of the Faith, and Assemblies of God (1.9%).

Other Religions

Other religions practiced in the island include Islam, Judaism, indigenous religions, and African-based religions (1.4%).

Non-religious

The Unbearable Inevitable..puerto Rican Genealogy Society

The non-religious demographic includes individuals who identify as agnostic, atheist, not affiliated, and unsure (1.9%).


Other Resources

The Unbearable Inevitable..puerto Rican Genealogy Dna Testing

The unbearable inevitable..puerto rican genealogy society
  • 1990 Census of Population and Housing - SummaryPopulation and Housing Characteristics
  • Bureau of the CensusIDB DataAccess
  • Census 2000: Puerto Rico Profile (PDF)
  • How Puerto Rico Became White: An Analysis of Racial Statistics in the 1910 and 1920 Censuses (PDF)
  • Population, Health, and Human Well-Being-- Puerto Rico by EarthTrends Country Profiles (PDF)
  • Population of Puerto Rico, urban and rural:1765 to 1950 (PDF)
  • Profiles of General Demographic Characteristics 2000 - Issued May 2001,U.S. Census Bureau (PDF)
  • Population of Puerto Rico, urban and rural:1765 to 1950 (PDF)